Tuesday, October 22, 2013

A00014 - Bruno Metsu, Coach of Senegal's World Cup Soccer Team

Bruno Metsu, Coach Who Took Senegal on World Cup Run, Dies at 59

Ali Haider/European Pressphoto Agency
Bruno Metsu shown in 2008 when he was the coach of the United Arab Emirates team.


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Bruno Metsu, a French soccer coach who led Senegal’s national team in an exhilarating and improbable run to the 2002 World Cup quarterfinals, died Tuesday. He was 59.
The cause was cancer, according to a post on the Web site for UEFA, soccer’s European governing body. La Voix du Nord, a French newspaper, said Metsu had died in Dunkirk, France.
Metsu, whose long and unruly blond curls were a rarity in a sport known for fastidiously groomed coaches, was a midfielder for European teams for nearly two decades and coached for 13 years before moving to Africa in 2000, where he was given the nickname the White Sorcerer. He began managing Senegal later that year, and the team, known as the Lions of Teranga, jelled around his relaxed but inspiring coaching style.
Senegal surprised most of Africa by defeating Nigeria to reach the final of the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations. It lost to Cameroon on penalty kicks in the championship game, but another startling upset was in store.
Senegal had never played in the World Cup finals, and few thought the team would survive its opening game in 2002, in which it faced heavily favored France, the defending champion. Some members of the French team, as well as high-profile players on other teams, publicly dismissed the Senegalese.
In a passionate speech to the team before the game, Metsu used the disparaging comments to stir his players.
“When I read them Pelé’s remarks that Senegal was the weakest link of the group, I immediately noticed a revolt in their eyes,” Metsu told the African newspaper Vanguard later that year, referring to the Brazilian superstar. “I knew they were going to fight like lions.”
Senegal’s Papa Bouba Diop scored the only goal of the game during the 30th minute, in front of a crowd of 62,561. Senegal tied Denmark and Uruguay in its other first-round matches, then knocked out Sweden in the Round of 16 on an extra-time goal by Henri Camara.
Its World Cup run ended in the quarterfinals in a 1-0 loss to Turkey, again in extra time, in Osaka, Japan.
Senegal had become only the second African team to advance that far; Cameroon went to the quarterfinals in 1990. Since then, only one African team has reached the quarterfinals: Ghana in 2010 after ousting the United States.
Bruno Metsu was born on Jan. 28, 1954, in Coudekerque-Village, a suburb of Dunkirk, in northern France. He worked on Dunkirk’s docks before playing for French clubs like Valenciennes and Lille, where he later coached. He ended his playing career with Beauvais Oise in 1987 and became a manager there that year.
After some time in Senegal, Metsu converted to Islam and married a Senegalese woman. Information about his survivors was not available.
After the 2002 World Cup loss, he coached in the Middle East, leading Al Ain of the United Arab Emirates to the Asian Champions League title the next year.
*****

Bruno Metsu

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Bruno Metsu
Bruno Metsu 2012.jpg
Personal information
Date of birth(1954-01-28)28 January 1954
Place of birthCoudekerque-Village, department of Nord, France
Date of death14 October 2013(2013-10-14) (aged 59)
Place of deathCoudekerque-Village, department of Nord, France
Youth career
1969–1970SC Hazebrouck
1970–1973Anderlecht
Senior career*
YearsTeamApps†(Gls)†
1973–1974Dunkerque
1974–1975Hazebrouck
1975–1979Valenciennes
1979–1981Lille
1981–1983Nice
1983–1984Roubaix
1984–1987Beauvais
Teams managed
1987–1988Beauvais (assistant manager)
1988–1992Beauvais
1992–1993Lille
1993–1994Valenciennes
1995–1998Sedan
1998–1999Valence
2000Guinea
2000–2002Senegal
2002–2004Al Ain
2004–2006Al-Gharafa
2006Al-Ittihad
2006–2008United Arab Emirates
2008–2011Qatar
2011–2012Al-Gharafa
2012Al Wasl
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only.
† Appearances (Goals).
Bruno Metsu (French pronunciation: ​[bʁyno mɛtsy]; 28 January 1954 – 14 October 2013) was a French footballer and football manager. In his senior career from 1973 to 1987, he played for seven different clubs in his native France. From 1988 onwards, he was the manager of a total of nine French and Gulf Arab state clubs, the United Arab Emirates national football team and the Qatar national football team. He was perhaps most famous for coaching Senegal to the quarter-finals of 2002 FIFA World Cup, including a surprise victory over defending champions France in the opening match of the tournament.

Football career[edit]

Playing career[edit]

Metsu played in the attacking midfield position. His career as a youth and senior player with eight different clubs was largely based in his native France. He had a three-year spell as a youth player in Belgium with Anderlecht. During his 14 years as a senior player between 1973 and 1987, all with French clubs, he scored a total of 30 goals with no national titles won. Metsu had his heyday at Valenciennes FC between 1975 and 1979, scoring his highest number of club goals, 14 (in 134 appearances), while playing alongside top players such as Didier Six and Roger Milla. [1]

Early managerial career[edit]

After retiring as a player with Beauvais in 1987, Metsu took up the assistant manager post in the same year with Beauvais. In 1988, he became the full-time manager of that club. He spent over a decade coaching five different clubs in France before his first foray overseas as a football manager in the year 2000.

Later managerial career[edit]

Africa[edit]

Guinea[edit]
In the year 2000, Metsu became the manager of a national team for the first time when he took charge of the Guinea national football team after signing a modest contract. “Metsu complained of so many things in Guinea. Poor infrastructure, poor management by Guinea's football association and frequent meddling in his work,” said Titi Camara, a former Guinea international who later became the country's sports minister. Metsu left the Guinea post after less than one year on the job to become the manager of the Senegal national football team later that year.[1]
Senegal[edit]
After Metsu had settled in Senegal in the year 2000, he took up the task of inspiring the Lions of Teranga (the nickname of the Senegalese football team) to play better football. In February 2000, the Lions of Teranga had lost to co-hosts Nigeria 2-1 after extra-time in the quarterfinals of the 2000 Africa Cup of Nations.[1]
Metsu quickly whipped his team into shape to the admiration of both fans and officials, and outstandingly led Senegal to the final (the first-ever in its history) of the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations held in Mali. Although they lost to Cameroon on penalties, the White Sorcerer, his sobriquet given by the local press, and his charges were given a red carpet reception when they arrived back home in Dakar.[1]
Metsu helped Senegal seal a spot in the 2002 World Cup finals for the first time in its history. They were expected to prop up Group A containing the defending champions France, Denmark and Uruguay. Senegal pulled off a shock in the opening match of the tournament by beating the reigning World Cup and European champions France 1–0, with Pape Bouba Diop scoring the only goal. Metsu's psychological approach to the game had led him to encourage Senegal's players to focus on France's weaknesses rather than their strengths; he used videos to show the Senegalese players all the weaknesses of the French players.[2] Metsu's side qualified from the group stage and beat Sweden in the round of 16, earning recognition as the first African side to reach the quarterfinals since Cameroon in 1990. Senegal were finally beaten in the quarterfinals by Turkey in extra time on İlhan Mansız's golden goal.
After Senegal had defeated France in the opening match of the 2002 World Cup, Senegalese president Abdoulaye Wade declared a national holiday.[3] Metsu's connection to the country went even further as he converted from Christianity to Islam while in Senegal, in order to marry a Muslim, Senegalese woman by the name of Rokhaya 'Daba' Ndiaye. A fair part of the Senegalese press called him Abdul Karim. When the Senegal national team returned home in Dakar from the 2002 World Cup, they were given a heroes' welcome. [4][5][6]

Gulf Arab states[edit]


Bruno Metsu managing Al-Gharafa in 2011.
Al Ain[edit]
Metsu's success with Senegal led him to the United Arab Emirates, where in August 2002 he took up a lucrative job as head coach of the UAE Football League defending champions Al Ain, owned by the Emir of Abu Dhabi.[2] He coach the club to win the re-branded 2002–03 AFC Champions League(its maiden title), and completed a double by winning the UAE Football League in the same year. Al Ain retained the UAE Football League title in 2004. This led to a host of offers for the Frenchman, who left Al Ain FC in May 2004 to join the Qatari club Al-Gharafa in July 2004 as manager, to the resentment of Al Ain FC. Metsu was eventually forced to pay a fine for breach of contract.[2]
Al-Gharafa (first spell)[edit]
In 2005, Metsu coached his new club to the Qatar Stars League title in his first season, with a 14-point winning margin over the second-placed Al Rayyan SC. However, with players in the league contracted to the Qatar's National Olympic Committee rather than to their clubs, the side was dismantled with Marcel Desailly "transferred" from Al-Gharafa to Qatar SC. Metsu maintains that the Crown Prince of Qatar, who was the chairman of Qatar's National Olympic Committee, orchestrated the moves due to his unhappiness at his club, Al-Sadd SC, being dethroned as the Qatar Stars League champions by Al-Gharafa.[2] Metsu nevertheless led his side to victory in the 2005-2006 Sheikh Jassem Cup, but conditions had deteriorated to the point that he left the club in April 2006.
Al-Ittihad[edit]
Next up for Metsu was a brief stint in 2006 in Saudi Arabia, where the six-time Saudi Professional League champions Al-Ittihad were currently only in fifth place in the 2005–06 Saudi Premier League table and were in danger of missing out on the four-team, three-match playoff for the league title. Metsu was handed a one-month contract by the club president Mansour Al-Balili to help the club qualify for the playoff. Metsu coached the club to finish in third position in the league table. Al-Ittihad lost its second playoff match against Al-Hilal FC and thus failed to advance to the final playoff match.[2]
United Arab Emirates[edit]
Metsu returned to the United Arab Emirates as the UAE national team manager in 2006, coaching his side to victory in the 2007 Gulf Cup of Nations in front of a packed stadium in Abu Dhabi on 30 January 2007. It was the country's first Gulf Cup win, with Metsu achieving what former national team bosses including Don Revie, Carlos Alberto Parreira, Mario Zagallo, Tomislav Ivić, Roy Hodgson, Carlos Queiroz and Dick Advocaat had all failed to do.
The UAE crashed out of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup after finishing third in a group containing Japan, regional rivals Qatar and co-hosts Vietnam with one win and two losses. Despite his contract lasting until 2010, Metsu resigned from the head coach position on 22 September 2008 after suffering defeat in two straight World Cup qualifiers at home.[7] Metsu's overall record with the side was 13 wins (11 official), 9 draws (3 official) and 20 losses (8 official) in 42 matches (22 official), scoring 47 goals and conceding 59.[7]
Qatar[edit]
On 25 September 2008, Metsu returned to Qatar, accepting a job as manager of the Qatar national team. The country was announced as host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in December 2010 and hosted the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Qatar finished second in their group with 2 wins and a loss before being knocked out 3–2 by Japan in the quarter-finals, resulting in Metsu's sacking in February 2011.
Al-Gharafa (second spell)[edit]
Metsu did not have to wait long for a new job and was announced as the new Al-Gharafa manager in March 2011 on a three-year contract, returning to the club that he had helped win the Qatar Stars League in 2005.[8] His club won the 2011 Qatar Crown Prince Cup in April 2011. However, just one year into his contract, Metsu was sacked as the manager on 15 March 2012 due to poor results including a disheartening 5–1 home defeat to Al Rayyan that caused the team to drop to seventh place in the league standings.[9]
Al Wasl[edit]
After being sounded out by the Senegal national team about a return to their then-vacant coaching position,[10] Metsu was linked to Iranian side Persepolis in June 2012 but the job went to Manuel José. On 12 July 2012, Metsu was named as the new Al Wasl FC head coach, replacing Diego Maradona who was sacked two days earlier. On 26 October 2012, he resigned from Al Wasl after being hospitalised in Dubai due to colon cancer.

Illness and death[edit]

Metsu was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer in October 2012, three months after replacing Diego Maradona at Al Wasl FC. The cancer had already metastasized to his lungs and liver. Metsu succumbed to the cancer in the evening of 14 October 2013 at the clinique des Flandres in his native commune of Coudekerque-Village in northern France. He was survived by his wife and their three children.[11][12]

Funeral[edit]

Metsu was given an Islamic funeral in Dakar. He had converted to Islam more than ten years ago, while he was the manager of the Senegal national football team, taking the name Abdou Karim Metsu.[13]

Honours as a manager[edit]

Club[edit]

Al-Ain
Al-Gharafa

International[edit]

Senegal
United Arab Emirates

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

A00013 - Malala Yousafzai, Education Activist

Malala Yousafzai (Pashto: ملاله یوسفزۍ‎; Urdu: ملالہ یوسف زئی‎; Malālah Yūsafzay) (b. July 12, 1997) is a Pakistani education activist from the town of Mingora in the Swat District of Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. She is known for her activism for rights to education and for women, especially in the Swat Valley, where the Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school. In early 2009, at the age of 11–12, Yousafzai wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC detailing her life under Taliban rule, their attempts to take control of the valley, and her views on promoting education for girls. The following summer, a New York Times documentary was filmed about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region, culminating in the Second Battle of Swat. Yousafzai rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, and she was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize by South African activist Desmond Tutu.
On October 9, 2012, Yousafzai was shot in the head and neck in an assassination attempt by Taliban gunmen while returning home on a school bus. In the days immediately following the attack, she remained unconscious and in critical condition, but later her condition improved enough for her to be sent to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, England, for intensive rehabilitation. On October 12, 2012, a group of 50 Islamic clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her, but the Taliban reiterated its intent to kill Yousafzai and her father.

The assassination attempt sparked a national and international outpouring of support for Yousafzai. The United Nations Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown launched a United Nations petition in Yousafzai's name, using the slogan "I am Malala" and demanding that all children worldwide be in school by the end of 2015 – a petition which helped lead to the ratification of Pakistan's first Right to Education Bill. In the April 29, 2013 issue of Time magazine, Yousafzai was featured on the magazine's front cover and as one of "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". She was the winner of Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize and was nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize (which was awarded to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons). On July 12, 2013, Yousafzai spoke at the United Nations to call for worldwide access to education, and in September 2013 she officially opened the Library of Birmingham. Yousafzai was the recipient of the Sakharov Prize for 2013.

Yousafzai was born on July 12, 1997 into a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity. She was given her first name Malala (meaning "grief stricken") after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistan's Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two younger brothers, her parents, and two pet chickens.
Yousafzai was educated in large part by her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, who was a poet, school owner, and an educational activist himself, running a chain of schools known as the Khushal Public School. She once stated to an interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, though later her father encouraged her to become a politician instead. Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, permitting her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed.
Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, when her father took her to Peshawar to speak at the local press club. "How dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?" Yousafzai asked her audience in a speech covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region.

Friday, September 27, 2013

A00012 - Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid, Egyptian Diplomat

Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid (Arabic: أحمد عصمت عبد المجيد‎) (b. March 1924) is an Egyptian diplomat. He served as the Foreign Minister of Egypt between 1984 and 1991, and as the Secretary-General of the Arab League from 1991 until 2001.

Born in Alexandria in March 1924, Abdel Meguid received a law degree from Alexandria University in 1944 before going on to obtain a doctorate of international law from the University of Paris in 1947. He joined the Egyptian foreign ministry in 1950 and worked in several departments, notably the British and French sections. He became ambassador to France in 1970, deputy foreign minister in 1970, and Egypt's high representative to the United Nations in 1972. He served in that position until 1983, and was then foreign minister from 1984 to 1991, when he was elected secretary-general of the Arab League.

Thursday, August 8, 2013

A00011 - Jiah Khan, Bollywood Actress

*****
Jiah Khan, born Nafisa Rizvi Khan, (b. February 20, 1988, New York City, New York –  June 3, 2013, Juhu, Mumbai, India) was an American born British Indian actress, model and singer who appeared in Bollywood films. She made her film debut in the 2007 film Ram Gopal Verma's Nishabd for which she was nominated for Filmfare Best Female Debut Award. She was later noted for portraying modern, independent women in Ghajini which was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2008. Her performance in the latter earned her significant acclaim. She last appeared in Sajid Khan's film Housefull which was the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2010.

On June 4, 2013, Jiah Khan was found dead in her apartment in her residence in the Sagar Sangeet building in Juhu, Mumbai.  She had apparently committed suicide by hanging herself.

The filmography of Jiah Khan reads as follows:


YearFilmRoleNotes
2007NishabdJiaNominated, Filmfare Best Female Debut Award
2008GhajiniSunita
2010HousefullDevika
***
Jiah Khan (born Nafisa Rizvi Khan, 20 February 1988 – 3 June 2013) was an American born British Indian actress, model and singer who appeared in Bollywood films.[1] She made her film debut in the 2007 film Ram Gopal Verma's Nishabd for which she was nominated for Filmfare Best Female Debut Award. She was later noted for portraying modern, independent women in Ghajini which was the highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2008. Her performance in the latter earned her significant acclaim. She last appeared in Sajid Khan's directional film Housefull which was her second highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2010.[2]
On June 4th 2013, she was found dead in her apartment in her residence in the Sagar Sangeet building in Juhu, Mumbai after hanging herself.[3][4]

Early life[edit source | edit]

Khan was born on 20 February 1988 into a Muslim family in New York City.[4] She was the daughter of Ali Rizvi Khan, an Indian American and Rabiya Amin, a Hindi film actress in the 1980s from Agra, Uttar Pradesh.[5] Khan grew up in London where she completed her Edexcel O and A Level with a brilliant result of 5 As, before moving to Mumbai to pursue a career in Bollywood.[4] She has two sisters Kavita and Karishma.[6] She was inspired to enter Bollywood after watching Ram Gopal Verma's former protege Urmila Matondkar’s movie Rangeela at the age of six.[7][8]
Khan was a trained opera singer and had recorded six pop tracks by the time she was 17.[9] Khan studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Manhattan, though she quit upon receiving a movie offer.[10]

Career[edit source | edit]

In 2004, at the age of 16, Khan was to act in Mukesh Bhatt's Tumsa Nahin Dekha but backed out when both she and the director felt the role was too mature for her; she was immediately replaced by Dia Mirza. Two years later, in 2007, at the age of 18,[11] khan made her debut in Ram Gopal Verma's controversial romantic thriller Nishabd,[12] where she acted opposite Amitabh Bachchan. Despite the provocative content in the film, it performed poorly at the box office, and earned mixed reviews from critics.[13]

Khan at DJ Magazine launch in 2010.

Nonetheless, Khan received a mostly positive reception for her performance, with critics noting her confidence, attitude, and sex appeal. Raja Sen praised her portrayal of Jia, a seductive, free-spirited teenager, calling her performance "nuanced" and "impressive".[14] Taran Adarsh agrees, saying that "Newcomer Jiah Khan is supremely confident. Loaded with attitude and sex appeal, the newcomer carries off her part with flourish. Her scenes with Bachchan are superb!"[15] Rajeev Masand adds that she is "perfectly cast" for the film.[16] She was also nominated for a Filmfare Best Female Debut Award,[17] however lost to Deepika Padukone.
The following year, she appeared alongside Aamir Khan and Asin in A.R. Murugadoss's psychological thriller Ghajini, the Hindi remake of its namesake. The film gathered much appreciation from critics, and went on to become the highest grossing Bollywood film of 2008, as well as earn the all-time blockbuster status.[18] Khan's performance attracted mixed reviews, with critics agreeing that her role was "sketchy".[19] Despite this, Sukanya Verma compliments her performance, commenting that Khan "continues to strike as an exquisite and expressive actress."[20]
Mia had shot for a significant portion of Ken Ghosh's Chance Pe Dance opposite Shahid Kapoor, but was later replaced by Genelia D'souza. While both Khan and UTV have stated that "the reason for her withdrawal from the film was due to her not suiting the character".[21] Khan made her last film appearance in a supporting role for Sajid Khan's Housefull opposite Akshay kumar, Riteish Deshmukh, Deepika Padukone and Lara Dutta in 2010. Housefull was her second highest grossing Bollywood film.
In the months before her death, she had signed three South Indian films. [6][22]

Death[edit source | edit]

Khan committed suicide by hanging herself from a ceiling fan at around 11:45pm in a bedroom of her Juhu residence in Mumbai on the Monday, June 3, 2013,` when her mother Rabiya and sister Kavita were not at home.[23] Her body was taken to the casualty morgue at the JJ Hospital in Byculla, for a forensic examination and autopsy.[24] Her body was brought back to her residence around 7am on Wednesday, June 5, 2013, following the post-mortem.[25]
In the same day her Namaz-e-janaza took place at Sonapur Kabar Walla Masjid and she was buried at Juhu Muslim cemetery after Dhuhr prayer as per Islamic rites. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao, Riteish Deshmukh, Siddharth Mallya, Sophie Choudry, Urvashi Dholakia, Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma in attendance.[26][27] Bollywood stars reacted with shock at her death.[28]
On June 7, 2013, a six-page suicide note was found by her sister.[29] The note is reported to indicate that she had planned to end her life. A transcript was released by Khan's family which included mention to a recent abortion.[30]

On June 8, 2013 Khan's condolence meeting was held at Vile Parle Medical Club to pray Jiah. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Deepika Padukone, Randhir Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Sanjay Kapoor, Shweta Pandit, Kiran Rao, Urvashi Dholakia, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma.

Suraj Pancholi, who was allegedly in a live-in relationship with Khan, was taken into custody in association with her suicide on 10 June, 2013.[31] The Bombay High Court granted him bail on 2 July 2013.[32]

Filmography[edit source | edit]

YearFilmRoleNotes
2007NishabdJiaNominated,Filmfare Best Female Debut Award
2008GhajiniSunita
2010HousefullDevika

*****
Jiah Khan was an American born British Indian actress, model and singer who appeared in Bollywood films. She made her film debut in the 2007 film Ram Gopal Verma's Nishabd for which she was nominated for Filmfare Best Female Debut Award.
Born: February 20, 1988, New York City
Died: June 2, 2013, Juhu, Mumbai, India
Height: 5' 6" (1.68 m)
Buried: June 5, 2013

Monday, May 6, 2013

A00010 - Ould Lamine Abdallah, Olympic Long-Distance Runner

Abdallah, Ould Lamine (b. 1929) was a French former long-distance runner who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Alternative names include:

Abdallah, Ould Lamine
Ould Lamine Abdallah

Friday, May 3, 2013

A00009 - Mahmoud 'Abbas, Palestinian National Authority President


'Abbas, Mahmoud
'Abbas, Mahmoud (b. March 26, 1935- ) was the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and President of the Palestinian National Authority.

Also known by the kunya, Abu Mazen, Mahmoud 'Abbas was born on March 26, 1935 in Zefat in what is now northern Israel. During the war that followed the establishment of the nation of Israel in 1948, 'Abbas fled to Syria with his family.

In the mid-1950s, 'Abbas became heavily involved in underground Palestinian politics, Joining a number of exiled Palestinians in Qatar, where 'Abbas was Director of Personnel in the emirate's Civil Service. 'Abbas and Arafat helped found al-Fatah ("the Conquest"), a militant Palestinian group that became part of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a political body that represented the Palestinian people. In the late 1950s, Arafat was establishing the groundwork of Fatah by enlisting wealthy Palestinians in Qatar, Kuwait, and other Persian Gulf States.

In 1958, 'Abbas earned a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Damascus in Syria.

As head of the PLO’s international department in the late 1970s, Abbas was instrumental in forging contacts with Israeli peace groups. 'Abbas efforts with Israeli peace groups were ironic in that Abu Daoud, the man who planned the 1972 Munich Massacre of members of the Israeli team at the Munich Olympic Games which ended with the murder of eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German policeman, later claimed that the funds for the operation were provided by 'Abbas, although without 'Abbas' knowing what the money would be used for.

In 1980, he became head of the PLO's national and international relations department.

'Abbas earned a doctorate in history from the Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow State University) in Moscow in 1982. The theme of his doctoral dissertation was "The Other Side: The secret relations between Nazism and the leadership of the Zionist movement". This dissertation, which examined Nazism and Zionism, later was decried by Jewish groups as a work of Holocaust denial, and in the 1990s 'Abbas distanced himself from some of its more controversial elements.

'Abbas opposed the 1987 intifada (the armed Palestinian uprising against Israel). He also performed diplomatic duties, presenting a moderating face for PLO policies.

In the early 1990s Abbas shaped Palestinian negotiating strategy at both the peace conference in Madrid (1991) and in secret meetings with the Israelis in Norway. Through the resulting Oslo Accords (1993), Israel and the Palestinians extended mutual recognition to each other, and Israel ceded some governing functions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to a Palestinian Authority.

Abbas was the first PLO official to visit Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War in January 1993 to mend fences with the Gulf countries for the PLO's support of Iraq during the Persian Gulf War. At the 1993 peace accord with Israel, Abbas was the signatory for the PLO on 13 September 1993. He published a memoir, Through Secret Channels: The Road to Oslo (1995).

In 1995, 'Abbas returned to live in Palestine for the first time since leaving for exile and, in 1996, he became secretary-general of the PLO Executive Committee.

'Abbas again opposed the intifada -- the second intifada -- which began in 2000. 'Abbas was a senior member of the Palestinian delegation to the Camp David peace talks in July 2000. 'Abbas adamantly rejected Israel’s peace offer but opposed the violent Palestinian uprising called the intifāḍa (Arabic: “shaking off”) that followed.

By early 2003, as both Israel and the United States had indicated their refusal to negotiate with Yasser Arafat, 'Abbas began to emerge as a candidate for a more visible leadership role. As one of the few remaining founding members of Fatah, he had some degree of credibility within the Palestinian cause, and his candidacy was bolstered by the fact that other high-profile Palestinians were for various reasons not suitable (the most notable, Marwan Barghouthi, was under arrest in an Israeli jail after being convicted of multiple murders). 'Abbas's reputation as a pragmatist garnered him favor with the West and certain elements of the Palestinian legislature, and pressure was soon brought on Arafat to appoint him prime minister. Arafat did so on March 19, 2003. Initially, Arafat attempted to undermine the post of prime minister, but was eventually forced to give 'Abbas some degree of power.

However, the rest of 'Abbas's term as prime minister continued to be characterised by numerous conflicts between him and Arafat over the distribution of power between the two. 'Abbas had often hinted he would resign if not given more control over the administration. In early September 2003, he confronted the Palestinian parliament over this issue. The United States and Israel accused Arafat of constantly undermining 'Abbas and his government.

In addition, 'Abbas came into conflict with Palestinian militant groups, notably the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement and Hamas because his pragmatic policies were opposed to their hard-line approach. However, he made it perfectly clear that he was forced to abandon, for the moment, the use of arms against Israeli civilians inside the green line due to its ineffectiveness.

Initially he pledged not to use force against the militants, in the interest of avoiding a civil war, and instead attempted negotiation. This was partially successful, resulting in a pledge from the two groups to honor a unilateral Palestinian cease-fire. However, continuing violence and Israeli "target killings" of known leaders forced 'Abbas to pledge a crackdown in order to uphold the Palestinian Authority's side of the road map for peace. This led to a power struggle with Arafat over control of the Palestinian security services. Arafat refused to release control to 'Abbas, thus preventing him from using them on the militants.

Abbas resigned as prime minister in October 2003, citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government.

On November 11, 2004, Yasser Arafat died. On that same day, Mahmoud 'Abbas was appointed chairman of the Executive Committee of the PLO. Although 'Abbas had little popular support among Palestinians, he was highly regarded in the international community for his moderate stance and peacemaking efforts.

After Yasser Arafat's death, Mahmoud 'Abbas was seen, at least by Fatah, as his natural successor. On November 25, 2004, 'Abbas was endorsed by Fatah's Revolutionary Council as its preferred candidate for the presidential election, scheduled for January 9, 2005.

On 14 December 14, 2004, 'Abbas called for an end to violence in the Second Intifada and a return to peaceful resistance. However, he refused to disarm Palestinian militants or tp use force against groups that Israel, the United States and the European Union designated as terrorist organisations.

With Israeli forces arresting and restricting the movement of other candidates, Hamas' boycott of the election, and his campaign being given 94% of the Palestinian electoral campaign coverage on TV, 'Abbas' election was virtually ensured, and on January 9, 2005 'Abbas was elected with 62% of the vote as President of the Palestinian National Authority.

Despite Abbas' call for a peaceful solution, attacks by militant groups continued after his election, in a direct challenge to his authority. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement launched a raid in Gaza on January 12, 2005 that killed one and wounded three military personnel in Gaza. On January 13, 2005, Palestinians from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Hamas, and the Popular Resistance Committees launched a suicide attack on the Karni crossing, killing six Israelis. As a result, Israel shut down the damaged terminal and broke off relations with 'Abbas and the Palestinian Authority, stating that 'Abbas needed to show a gesture of peace by attempting to stop such attacks.

'Abbas was formally sworn in as the Chairman of the Palestinian National Authority in a ceremony held on January 15, 2005 in the West Bank town of Ramallah.

On January 23, 2005, Israeli radio reported that 'Abbas had secured a thirty-day ceasefire from Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. On February 12, 2005, Palestinians attacked Israeli settlements and 'Abbas quickly fired some of his security officers for not stopping the attacks in a ceasefire.

In May 2005, 'Abbas travelled to the White House and met with his American counterpart, George W. Bush. Bush, in return for 'Abbas' crackdown on terrorists, pledged 50 million United States dollars in aid to the Palestinian Authority and reiterated the United States pledge for a free Palestinian state. It was the first direct aid the United States had given to the Palestinian, as previous donations had gone through non-governmental organizations. The next day Prime Minister Paul Martin of Canada pledged 9.5 million Canadian dollars in new aid for judicial reform and housing projects, monitors for the Palestinian elections, border management and scholarships for Palestinian refugee women in Lebanon.

On July 25, 2005, 'Abbas announced that he would move his office to Gaza until the complete withdrawal of Israeli troops in order to coordinate the Palestinian side of the withdrawal, mediating between the different factions.

On August 9, 2005, 'Abbas announced that legislative elections, originally scheduled for July 17, 2005, would take place in January 2006. On January 15, 2006 'Abbas declared that despite unrest in Gaza, he would not change the set date of the elections (January 25), unless Israel decided to prevent Arabic speakers in East Jerusalem from voting. Hamas won a majority of votes in this election.

On January 16, 2006, 'Abbas said that he would not run for office again at the end of his current term. On May 25, 2006, 'Abbas gave Hamas a ten-day deadline to accept the 1967 ceasefire lines.

On June 2, 2006, 'Abbas again announced that if Hamas did not approve the prisoners' document—which called for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict according to the 1967 borders—within two days, he would present the initiative as a referendum. This deadline was subsequently extended until June 10, 2006. Hamas replied that a change in their stance would not occur, and that 'Abbas was not constitutionally permitted to call a referendum, especially so soon after the January 2006 elections.

'Abbas warned Hamas on October 8, 2006 that he would call new legislative elections if it did not accept a coalition government. To recognize Israel was a condition 'Abbas presented for a coalition. However, it was not clear if Abbas had the power to call new elections.

On December 16, 2006, Abbas called for new legislative elections, to bring an end to the parliamentary stalemate between Fatah and Hamas in forming a national coalition government.

On March 17, 2007, a unity government was formed incorporating members of both Hamas and Fatah, with Ismail Haniyeh as Prime Minister and independent politicians taking many key portfolios.

On June 14, 2007, 'Abbas dissolved the Hamas-led unity government of Haniyeh, declared a state of emergency, and appointed Salam Fayyad in Haniyeh's place. This followed action by Hamas armed forces to take control of Palestinian Authority positions controlled by Fatah militias. The appointment of Fayyad to replace Haniyeh was challenged as illegal because, under the Palestinian Basic Law, the president could dismiss a sitting prime minister, but could not appoint a replacement without the approval of the Palestinian Legislative Council. According to the law, until a new prime minister is thus appointed, the outgoing prime minister heads a caretaker government. Fayyad's appointment was never placed before, or approved by the Legislative Council. For this reason, Haniyeh the Hamas prime minister continued to operate in Gaza, and was recognised by a large number of Palestinians as the legitimate acting prime minister.

On June 18, 2007, the European Union promised to resume direct aid to the Palestinian Authority, Abbas dissolved the National Security Council, a sticking point in the defunct unity government with Hamas. That same day, the United States decided to end its fifteen-month embargo on the Palestinian Authority and resume aid, attempting to strengthen 'Abbas's West Bank government. A day later, the Fatah Central Committee cut off all ties and dialogue with Hamas, pending the return of Gaza.

On March 2, 2008, 'Abbas stated he was suspending peace talks with Israel, while Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert vowed to press on with military operations against militants who have been launching home-made rockets into southern Israel.

On May 20, 2008, 'Abbas stated he would resign from his office if the current round of peace talks had not yielded an agreement in principle "within six months". He also stated that the current negotiations were, in effect, deadlocked.

'Abbas was chosen as the President of the "State of Palestine" by the Palestine Liberation Organisation's Central Council on November 23, 2008, a job he had held unofficially since May 8, 2005.

On January 9, 2009, 'Abbas' term as president, at least as he was originally elected, ended. Elected to serve until January 9, 2009, 'Abbas unilaterally extended his term for another year and continued in office even after that deadline expired. 'Abbas justified the extension by stating that the Basic Law gave him the right to do so, so he could align the next presidential and parliamentary elections. Pointing to the Palestinian constitution, Hamas disputed the validity of this move, and considered 'Abbas' term to have ended, in which case Abdel Aziz Duwaik, Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council would have become acting president.

Questions about the legitimacy of 'Abbas' continued presidency did not appear to affect his acceptance by other world leaders. In May 2009, 'Abbas welcomed Pope Benedict XVI to the West Bank, who supported 'Abbas' goal of a Palestinian State. Also, in May of 2009, 'Abbas made a visit to Canada, where he met with foreign affairs minister Lawrence Cannon and Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

In February 2010, 'Abbas visited Japan for the third time as Palestinian President. In this visit, he met Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama. He also visited Hiroshima, the first such visit by a Palestinian leader, and spoke about the suffering of the people of Hiroshima, who he compared to the suffering of the Palestinians.

'Abbas married Amina 'Abbas and they had three sons, including Yasser Abbas, who was named after former Palestinian Authority leader Yasser Arafat.


Mahmoud 'Abbas, also known by the kunya Abu Mazen, was an Arab of the Sunni-Muslim faith. He became the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on November 11, 2004 and became President of the Palestinian National Authority on January 15, 2005 on the Fatah ticket.

Mahmoud 'Abbas was elected to serve until January 9, 2009. However, due to Palestinian Internal conflict, he unilaterally extended his term for another year and continued in office even after that second deadline expired. As a result of this, Fatah's main rival, Hamas announced that it would not recognize the extension or view 'Abbas as rightful president. 'Abbas was chosen as the President of the State of Palestine by the Palestine Liberation Organization's Central Council on November 23, 2008, a job he had held unofficially since May 8, 2005. 'Abbas served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October 2003 when he resigned citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government. Before being named prime minister, 'Abbas led the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department.

Alternative names include:
'Abbas, Mahmoud
Abu Mazen
Abu Mazin
Mahmoud 'Abbas
Mazen, Abu
Mazin, Abu

Sunday, April 28, 2013

A00008 - Shamshad Begum, Unseen Singer of Indian Film


Shamshad Begum, Unseen Singer of Indian Film, Dies at 94

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Shamshad Begum, a star singer in India during the early years of Hindi cinema, died on Tuesday at her home in Mumbai. She was 94. Her death was confirmed by her daughter, Usha Ratra.
Hindustan Times
Shamshad Begum
Ms. Begum was one of the first female playback singers in Hindi cinema — singers who are heard but not seen on screen, with actresses lip-syncing to the recorded voices. She was in great demand throughout the 1940s and remained popular even as another singer, Lata Mangeshkar, became the dominant playback singer of the 1950s.
“I could never achieve the kind of popularity, stardom and respect she enjoyed,” Ms. Mangeshkar said in an interview.
Shamshad Begum was born on April 14, 1919, in Amritsar, in the northern Indian state of Punjab, and grew up in Lahore, which was then in India and is now in Pakistan. One of 12 children of orthodox Muslim parents, she displayed a talent for singing at an early age but was discouraged by her father from studying music.
Her career began when a leading music company signed her at 13 after a successful audition for the composer Ghulam Haider. Her father allowed her to sing professionally only after she promised that she would wear a burqa to the recording studio and never attend functions or parties. Ms. Begum kept her word even after her marriage, at 15, to Ganpatlal Batto, a lawyer who was also an amateur photographer.
Early in her career she sang at weddings and religious functions as well as on records and on the radio.
“Most of what I sang in those days was non-film stuff, because the talkies had just started in 1931 and not too many songs were incorporated in films in the first few years,” Ms. Begum said in a rare interview a few years ago. She sang for a string of Punjabi films before going to Mumbai to work on her first Hindi film, “Khazanchi” (1941). Among the many other films for which she sang were “Aar Paar” (1954) and “C.I.D.” (1956), both well known to Indian audiences.
Ms. Begum shunned publicity and lived a quiet life after her husband’s death in 1955. She is survived by her daughter.